LUXURY CAR Gordon Murray Teewave AR.1 Concept (2011)

Gordon Murray Teewave AR.1 Concept

Gordon Murray Design Limited and Toray Industries Inc announced a prototype electric sports car named Teewave AR.1.

The Gordon Murray Teewave AR.1 had an internal GMD code number of 'T.32' and the car is the result of a commission from Toray for Gordon Murray Design to design, tool and build a fully functioning prototype vehicle which utilises many of Toray's advanced automotive materials in order to achieve Toray's basic concept of an attractive vehicle for everyone.

The 2-seater sports car is designed to use the Toray carbon fibre component system with a process time of less than 10 minutes. A carbon monocoque, one of the key technologies of Teewave, can be applied to all types of vehicle other than the 2-seater sports car.

The entire programme from concept discussions to running vehicle took just 9 months and was delivered on target, both in terms of cost and final handover. The power train in the vehicle are the base components used in one of the commercial electric vehicles currently available, but the unique electrical architecture and control units were developed by Gordon Murray Design.

A carbon front crash structure was designed and developed for the car. A Full vehicle Euro Ncap O.D.B test was simulated in addition to a rigid barrier dynamic impact. A correlation process was conducted on the front crash structure for both half energy and full energy using physical tests. Quasi -static bend and torsion analysis was also conducted.

The AR.1 has a remarkably low weight of just 850kg (including the 240kg battery) putting the car firmly in Lotus Elise territory and some 400kg lighter than a Tesla. The ultimate performance is limited by an output figure of 47 kW but a torque of 180 Nm available from a standing start results in lively acceleration.

A great deal of attention has been given to the low weight, low centre of gravity and suspension geometry which has resulted in an excellent ride and handling balance.

The concept design team included Barry Lett, Frank Coppuck, Kevin Richards and Gordon Murray. Exterior and interior styling was designed by Zachary Seward, Kevin Richards, Barry Lett and Gordon Murray. The project leader at Gordon Murray Design was Mark Lewis.

The main architecture design team was led by Barry Lett and the engineering, composites and analysis team were led by Frank Coppuck, while the electrical system and power train design was by Dr Ralph Clague.

Gordon Murray Designs' world class prototype build team ensured the vehicle was built to schedule and Gordon Murray Designs exacting standards.

At all stages during design and development Gordon Murray Design and Toray worked very closely on the design, use of materials and Toray's automotive applications.

The Toray team consisted of Toru Yamanaka, Project Leader, Nobuhiko Shimizu, Project Manager, Yukitane Kimoto, Composite Team Leader, Yoshito Kuroda, Yuki Sakamoto, Kosaku Hashimoto, Composite Team, Alan Riley, UK Composite Handling and Osamu Goto, Project Advisor from Geo Technology.

Technical Specification

• Length: 3975mm
• Width: 1765mm
• Height: 1154mm
• Wheelbase: 2610mm
• Weight (including battery): 850 kg
• Luggage Volume: 200 litres
• Chassis: Carbon Fibre Monocoque
• Sub frames: Aluminium Alloy
• Crash Structures: Carbon Fibre
• Body: Carbon Fibre
• Aerodynamics: Full length under tray with ground effect diffuser
• Engine: Permanent Magnet Synchronis Motor
• Power: 47 kW
• Torque: 180 Nm
• Voltage: 330 V
• Engine Position: Mid-Rear
• Transmission: Single Speed
• Battery: Lithium-Ion
• Total Energy: 16 kWh
• Driven Wheels: Rear
• Front Suspension: Double Wishbone, Coil Spring, Anti Roll Bar
• Rear Suspension: Double Wishbone, Coil spring
• Steering: Rack and Pinion unassisted
• Turning Circle: 9.5 metres
• Front Wheels/Tyres: 175/55 R16 on 5.5J Rim
• Rear Wheel/Tyres: 225/45 R17 on 7.5J Rim
• Brakes: Discs Front and Rear - Electrically assisted
• Parking Brake: Electrical on Rear Discs
• Performance
  • 0-50 km/h: 4.4 seconds
  • 0-100 km/h: 11.4 seconds
  • Top speed: 147 km/h
• Range (NEDC Cycle): 186 km
• Charging Time: 6 hours

LUXURY SPORT CAR Lotus Exige S (2012)

Lotus Exige S

Raw performance, agility, unparalleled ride and handling and mind blowing drive experience, these attributes are what people have come to expect from Lotus. And we don't like to disappoint. After months of media speculation Group Lotus is proud to announce the latest addition to the family: the extraordinary new Lotus Exige S, the ultimate lightweight high performance sportscar.

Alongside the staggering power to weight ratio, the Lotus Exige S has a completely new exterior and interior look and feel. The dramatic styling overhaul sees a completely new look for the Exige including a new front splitter and rear spoiler giving it a strong and aerodynamic profile.

There are two new interior package options available: Premium and Premium Sport. The Premium Pack provides added comfort and style where as the Premium Sport option focuses on creating an internal space optimised for ultimate driver involvement.

Built for the adrenalin hungry sportscar aficionado, the Lotus Exige S features high performance bespoke tyre package with Pirelli P-Zero Corsa tyres as standard. A Lotus DPM (Dynamic Performance Management) switch allows the driver to switch between three driving modes: Touring, Sport and DPM off.

And if three dynamic settings are not enough, an additional Race Pack option is available which adds a fourth driving mode setting: Race. This setting provides the maximum possible traction out of corners. The Race Pack also features Launch Control and an optimised suspension setting making the car perfect for letting rip on the track.

Commenting on the Exige S, Group Lotus Chief Executive Officer Dany Bahar said: "Anyone who has ever driven an Exige will tell you that it's not for the faint-hearted. The new Exige S skips a few rungs on the ladder to give the driver the ultimate Lotus experience. Quite simply you can't get more Lotus than the Exige S."

Lotus Exige S Technical Specifications

• Engine: Mid-mounted, transverse, 3456 cm3, 2GR-FE engine, V6, 24 valve
• Max Power: 350 PS / 257.5 kW / 345 hp @ 7000 rpm
• Max Torque: 400 Nm / 295 lb ft @ 4500 rpm
• Transmission: EA60 6 speed transverse Sports Ratios manual gearbox with open differential
• 0-100 km/h: ~3.8 seconds
• 0-160 km/h: 7.9 seconds
• Maximum speed: ~274 km/h / ~170 mph
• Fuel tank capacit: 40 litres ( 8.8 gal [UK] )
• Dimensions
  • Wheelbase: 2370 mm
  • Track
    • front: 1453 mm
    • rear: 1499 mm
  • Overall length: 4052 mm
  • Overall width (door mirrors excluded): 1802 mm
  • Overall height - midladen (as per unladen with 2x 75 kg occupants): 1153 mm
  • Overhang
    • front: 880 mm (including splitter)
    • rear: 802 mm
  • Ramp Angle
    • front: 7.4 degrees
    • rear: 16.4 degrees
  • Target Vehicle mass - kerb: 1,080 kg

ELEGANT CAR Alpina BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible (2012)

Alpina BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible

High-performance convertibles are automobiles for real connoisseurs. They combine characteristics whose sole purpose is to give driver and passengers maximum pleasure. In doing so they combine the best qualities of their related species, so that they may be experienced even more directly and tangibly with the top down. The beguiling performance, powerful drive and fantastic sound of super sports cars. The elegance, dynamics and attractive lines of grand coupés. The luxury, comfort and cruising ability of refined luxury sedans. Generally speaking, qualities that have long characterised ALPINA automobiles. It therefore comes as no surprise to learn that the new ALPINA BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible offers a special experience for all the senses.

DRIVE - First class performance and economy

The all-aluminium V8 power plant produces 507hp (373kW) at a moderate 5500rpm, with a maximum torque of 700Nm between 3000rpm - 4750rpm. Two turbo-chargers configured in parallel, each feeding one of the two cylinder banks, with specially developed large diameter exhaust-turbines allow this engine configuration to provide both exceptional power output and an abundance of torque over an especially broad rpm range while maintaining excellent throttle response at low rpm.

The comprehensive high-performance cooling system comprises an indirect inter-cooling system (air-to-water/water-to-air) with short intake tracts and increased inter-cooler flow. The systems excellent thermodynamic efficiency is guaranteed by a large-volume low-temperature inter-cooler radiator, as well as two water-toair inter-coolers placed close to the engine. High-performance MAHLE pistons are designed specifically to deal with temperatures and pressures associated with up to 1.0 bar charging and the engine's 9.2:1 nominal compression ratio. Altogether this results in an impressive specific output of 115.3 horsepower (85kW) per litre and a mean total compression of 20.1 bar.

Direct injection and Double-VANOS contribute to the B6 Bi-Turbo's class-leading consumption and emission figures: 10.9l/100km (25.9mpg) and 255g/km CO2 (Combined, measured according to ECE Norm).

TRANSMISSION - Eight-Speed All-Rounder

Adapted and tested in co-operation with ZF, the advanced SWITCH-TRONIC 8-speed Sport Automatic Transmission sets benchmarks. With ALPINA's philosophy the guiding credo, engineers have spent thousands of development and test hours ensuring that no other performance automatic transmission comes close to providing this level of both comfort and performance.

The blend of eight speeds and plenty of torque makes for unparalleled comfortable gear changes with no noticeable interruption to the delivery of power - only the accompanying acoustics and the dynamic rev counter provide feedback as to the workings of the transmission. 700Nm of torque means the B6 Bi-Turbo excels at cruising along at speed in a high gear at minimum rpm, benefiting both consumption and comfort.

Using the Sport (S) Shift Mode a completely different character emerges: the transmission is crisp and unmistakably immediate. The innovative single-cylinder fadeout (known as 'Einzelzylinderausblendung' in German) enables super quick up-shifts which take just milliseconds. Depending on the load on the transmission, the injection of fuel into a given cylinder is interrupted for a fraction of a second, creating the required reduction in torque that the automatic transmission needs for the up-shift. The advantages versus the typical method of timing retardation are noticeably quicker shifts, improved thermo-dynamic efficiency due to reduced exhaust temperatures and lower fuel consumption. Each up-shift is accompanied by a deep back-pressure burble.

The SWITCH-TRONIC buttons, for use in the Manual (M) Shift Mode, are ergonomically and unobstrusively positioned on the back of the steering wheel, and allow the driver to take complete control of the transmission. The system allows for multi-simultaneous down-shifts in milliseconds, hereby the transmission will skip several gears depending on engine loads and rpm. In this manner the 8-speed Sport Automatic Transmission with ALPINA SWITCH-TRONIC reveals itself as extremely multi-faceted, providing the right shift characteristic for any and all situations.

The Automatic Up-Shift function means that the transmission will up-shift into a higher gear once a certain rpm threshold has been passed in the current gear. In certain driving situations this may not be desired, for example during especially sporty driving or for example when encountering multiple tight hair-pin corners. The simultaneous selection of either Sport, Sport+ or DSC OFF Mode using the Drive Dynamic Control button and the selection of the M Shift Mode (transmission) will deactivate the automatic up-shift funtion. The transmission will hold the selected gear up to maximum rpm's (electronically limited) and will not automatically up-shift into a higher gear.

The intelligent coupling of state-of-the-art engine and transmission technologies give the ALPINA BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible stunning performance figures: 0-100km/h in 4.8s, and a top speed of 311km/h.

EXHAUST SYSTEM - Pure-bred, Sonorous, Lightweight

Special consideration was given to the development of the exhaust system in the ALPINA BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible. A person's sense of hearing is particularly heightened when driving with the top down and almost craves for a fantastic sound experience. For the first time, ALPINA has collaborated with Akrapovic on the development of a lightweight exhaust system made from high-strength titanium. Faithful to the guiding principle of 'form follows function', the entire system is noted not only for its acoustics and appearance, but also for its technical refinements. In addition to a weight-saving of 50% compared to the conventional use of stainless steel, the exhaust system also boasts impressive technical details. The engineers from ALPINA and Akrapovic have achieved quite a feat, managing to retain a diameter of 2 x 70mm throughout the entire length of the exhaust system, despite the tricky 'packaging'. In conjunction with further design refinements, exhaust back-pressure is reduced to an absolute minimum.

In interaction with the powerful engine, the exhaust system generates a backdrop of deep, sonorous eight-cylinder sound - powerful, sporty, but never obtrusive, due to intelligent, controllable exhaust valves. These offer the driver a special degree of influence over the sound experience, and can be controlled using the Drive Performance Control. In Comfort+ and Comfort Mode the valves are closed, opening at 3000rpm, regardless of the selected gear. In 1st and 2nd gear decisive use of the accelerator will cause the valves to open (at approx. 60% load) and the B6 Bi-Turbo to elicit a special symphony from the tailpipes during dynamic bursts of acceleration. As befits the character of the B6 Bi-Turbo in Sport and Sport+ Modes, the exhaust valves remain open at all times.

CHASSIS - Dynamic Comfort

High-performance convertibles place special demands on their chassis - requiring distinct levels of comfort for easy cruising, safe and neutral handling at top speed, and light-footed agility for the moments in between. In order to do justice to this broad spectrum of requirements, the new ALPINA BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible features the latest electronic suspension technologies and comes with Drive Performance Control (electronically adjustable dampers) and Dynamic Drive (active roll stabilisation) as standard.

This system has been artfully calibrated by ALPINA and is tied into other system parameters controlling steering assistance, torque cushioning and the Dynamic Stability Control system. Featuring pronounced Comfort+, Comfort, Sport and Sport+ modes, the B6 Bi-Turbo transitions effortlessly from cultivated luxury convertible to thorough-bred sports car. Specific springs, increased front wheel camber and a subtle adjustment of the toe-in in conjunction with a 20" wheel-tyre combination all serve to produce a very agile chassis set-up. The lightweight 20" ALPINA CLASSIC wheels, with MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT tyres in the dimensions 255/35 ZR20 front and 285/30 ZR20 rear, contribute significantly to the direct handling and precise steering. Conventional tyres are used to promote ride comfort.

DESIGN EXTERIOR - Exciting Details, Functional Aerodynamics

The BMW 6 Series is marked by an elegant and dynamic design as well as excellent aerodynamic properties. ALPINA gives the new B6 Bi-Turbo a unique, powerful appearance which elegantly underlines the sporty character of this beautiful convertible.

The exterior components that influence the aerodynamic properties of the B6 Bi-Turbo are not just there for aesthetic reasons - their design is subject primarily to functional premises and plays a considerable role in achieving both the top speed and in reducing fuel consumption. Take for example the front spoiler with the integrated carbon fibre front splitter. It causes more air to flow over and around the vehicle, simultaneously reducing the air masses which flow underneath by more than 10%. This leads to a noticeable stabilisation of the front-end at high speeds and plays a role in reducing any tendencies to understeer. The front spoiler, in conjunction with the rear spoiler, ensures that the B6 Bi-Turbo is very well 'tethered' overall. Uplift on the front axle is reduced by 14% and tends towards a value of zero on the rear axle from a speed of 150 km/h.

In addition to an improvement in the CX values, these components also ensure the effective flow of air to various cooler groups, such as the inter-coolers and engine cooling system. One special detail: the high-performance brakes, with a diameter of 374mm front and 345mm rear, are additionally supplied with cooling air by a specially constructed NACA air intake on the front underbody.

The double tailpipes, with a slightly elliptical shape in typical ALPINA style, are designed in titanium and carry small logos that make discreet reference to the origins of the ALPINA exhaust system made by Akrapovic. The rear valence, which attractively and elegantly frames the outlet of the tailpipes, additionally integrates the features of a diffuser.

INTERIOR & EQUIPMENT - Master Craftsmanship, Exclusive Personalisation

Blue ALPINA instruments with high resolution information display with black panel LCD technology. A sport steering wheel, hand-stitched in LAVALINA leather. Blue illuminated entry sills with logo. Or the classic ALPINA exotic wood equipment in myrtle - an exclusive burl wood of the laurel family, which grows only on the Pacific coast of the USA. These are just some of the elegant features of the interior that point to the exclusive origins of the B6 Bi-Turbo Cabrio - just for connoisseurs.

Naturally, no limits are set on the personal predilections of customers. From the paintwork to the interior trims to the colour of the upholstery - everything offered by the extensive BMW and ALPINA equipment range is available. Seldom does a BMW ALPINA leave Buchloe without making use of the virtually limitless personalisation options offered by the ALPINA Manufaktur. Our philosophy dictates that the customer can design his or her own individual interior - made by skilled craftsmen in our leather workshop.

The ALPINA BMW B6 Bi-Turbo Convertible features an extensive range of standard equipment, including leather upholstery, fully adjustable comfort seats with heating system, navigation system with preparation for Bluetooth mobile phone, USB audio interface, Xenon lights and LED fog lights.

LUXURY CAR Lancia Delta 1.8 Di Turbo Jet (2009)

Lancia Delta 1.8 Di Turbo Jet

Lancia Delta reflects perfectly the concept of "Anticrisis Luxury" as it fulfils the current requirements of prestige and mobility thanks to the logic of downsizing - i.e. it ensures high quality and performance, reducing cost, size and fuel consumption. Thanks to these winning characteristics, in March this model became the leader of its car range in Italy and is fast growing at European level. In order to improve these results, today Lancia launches a new engine and a new version together with a number of technological changes that make this car the reference product for this car range.

The innovations of the 2009 range

The main innovation is represented by the 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet engine, the most powerful one of its range. It is an innovative petrol direct injection engine that confirms Lancia's preference for sports cars and, at the same time, its commitment to protect the environment by limiting emissions and fuel consumption.

These qualities are achieved by enhancing its brilliance, flexibility and the pleasure of driving which have always made this model stand out. This engine is produced by FPT - Fiat Powertrain Technologies - and is provided with a modern 6 speed automatic transmission. It delivers a maximum power of 200 HP (147 kw) at 5,000 rpm and a maximum torque of 320 Nm (32.6 Kgm) at 1,400 rpm. With such equipment, Lancia Delta can reach a maximum speed of 230 km/h and goes from 0 to 100 km/h in only 7.4 seconds. At the same time, the car stands out for low fuel consumption (7.8 litres per 100 km), reduced CO2 emissions (185 g/km) and a Euro 5 homologation.

The second innovation is the exclusive Executive version: a car addressed to clients who look for top luxury and comfort. The "top range" was designed to fulfil the requirements of business clients and members of the diplomatic and institutional worlds - as the attention invested in designing a comfortable passenger compartment shows. Seats are wrap around and comfortable as they are designed to business class standards. The back seats are comfortable for long trips with plenty of room for the legs. Therefore, Lancia Delta Executive offers a real, modern, in tune with the time alternative to bigger, heavier and more expensive cars. The fact this car was chosen to be the Official Car for the 9th World Summit of the Nobel Peace Prize held from 11th to 13th December 2008 in Paris - of which Lancia was the Main Sponsor - is not a coincidence. A Lancia Delta Executive fleet will also drive the international authorities to the G8 summit that will take place from the 8th to the 10th of July.

Lastly, the third innovation of the Lancia Delta 2009 range is represented by the marketing of some innovative devices aimed at making driving a comfortable and pleasant experience. First of all, there are the electronic suspensions with a variable damping system (Reactive Suspension System), capable of reducing car vibrations and ensuring maximum levels of safety, comfort and driveability. Then there is the brand new Sportronic 6 gear automatic transmission with controls on the steering wheels (currently the device is provided with only a 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet engine). The last technological innovation of the Lancia Delta is represented by the semi-automatic parking system called "Magic Parking".

All these technological innovations - together with the self-adaptive bi-xenon headlights (Adaptive Xenon Light) and the integrated satellite navigator (Instant Nav) - were made thanks to the cooperation between the Brand and Magneti Marelli. We cannot forget that the cooperation between Fiat Group Automobiles, Magneti Marelli and Microsoft has given birth to Blue&Me™, a system complete with Telecom service functions - which Lancia Delta is the first one to offer - together with hands free, music player and navigation functions.

Film stars choose Lancia Delta

Lancia Delta was engaged for the Columbia Sony Pictures "Angels and Demons" new film kolossal. This film, inspired by Dan Brown's bestseller of the same title, is on the same line of the "The Da Vinci Code" and is also directed by Ron Howard, with Tom Hanks in the role of professor Langdon. Lancia celebrates this important product placement with a Lancia Delta Special Series that enhances the double soul of this model: an angel in terms of carbon emission and a devil in terms of performances. The proof is in the two engines available for this version, the 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet and the 190 HP 1.9 TwinTurbo, which ensure a better CO2/HP ratio for this range - i.e. maximum power for minimum emissions. The same winning features can be found in the other two models that make up the "Première Collection": 105 HPYpsilon 1.3 Multijet and 95 HP Musa 1.3 Multijet.

The Lancia Delta Limited Range, which is characterized by its pastel colours, a white main body and a polished black roof, has elegant interiors with a black leather and "Sport" Alcantara® covering. The rich equipment makes this range even more interesting: from the climate control system to the fog lights, from the CD MP3 radio to the steering wheels in leather with radio controls, from the Blue&Me™ system to the alloy wheels.

For the movie launch of "Angel and Demons" scheduled for the 15th May 2009, Lancia has decided to launch an original communication campaign that goes under the slogan "One angel, 200 demons". Actions, performance and temperament: these three concepts dominate the commercial that, thanks to an agreement with Sony Pictures, exclusively shows some of the film shots of which the new 200 HP Lancia Delta 1.8 Di TurboJet is the protagonist. The press campaign is as sensational as the film as it combines one of the most emblematic film shots with a double image of the new Lancia Delta which clearly refers to its double soul: angelic on the outside, but with 200 demons inside. Lastly, a banner campaign and a web competition organised with the help of Sony Pictures, whose prize is of course a Lancia Delta, are about to be launched on the Internet.

However, the relationship between Lancia Delta and the film industry does not stop with the new "Angels and Demons" movie. The exclusive sedan was launched at international level with a commercial that is a true short film starring Richard Gere in the main role and with a soundtrack composed by the master, Oscar winning Ennio Morricone.

Furthermore, for the 9th World Summit of Nobel Peace Prizes, a film was produced to support Aung San Suu Kyi, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 and prisoner of her own country. In Italy, the commercial was supposed to have the voice of Dario Fo as the narrator, a winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Lancia Delta is increasingly the car chosen by stars. Since last year, this model has been the Official Car of the most prestigious film festivals sponsored by Brand: following its launch at the 65th Venice Film Festival, a fleet of Lancia Delta cars drove cinema stars to the red carpets in Rome, Milan and Turin.

The strengths of the new engine

The entire world acknowledges the fact that the Italian motoring school has always had the ability to produce gritty and temperamental engines, true "jewels" that are the result of the experience and passion of the engineers matched with their technical competencies acquired over years. The new 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet (Euro 5) is no exception.

The new engine is produced by FPT - Fiat Powertrain Technologies - and has a maximum power of 200 HP (147 kw) at 5,000 rpm and a maximum drive torque of 320 Nm (32.6 Kgm) at 1,400 rpm. Thanks to its combination with a 6 gear automatic/sequential transmission, the 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet provides an exciting and unmatchable drive: it can reach a maximum speed of 230 km/h and accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 7.4 seconds. In spite of these amazing performances, fuel consumption and emissions are surprisingly low: respectively 7.8 l/100km in the combined cycle and 185 g/km of CO2.

Thus, these innovative engines prove Lancia Automobiles' commitment to protecting the environment by containing emissions as well as reducing fuel consumption. All this is achieved by enhancing brilliance, flexibility and the pleasure of driving which have always made this model stand out. In order to achieve these extraordinary results, the 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet introduces petrol direct injection, turbocharging and an exhaust and intake double continuous phase transformer. The merging of these different technological solutions offers important advantages to clients such as the direct injection which means low fuel consumption for high engine performance. Furthermore, the turbocharger associated with the double phase transformer enables quick acceleration thanks to a particularly favourable drive torque curve.

Here are the details of all the innovations of the new 200 HP 1.8 Di TurboJet which was designed and developed by engineers of FPT - Fiat Powertrain Technologies, the sector of Fiat Group that provides innovation, design, plan and production activities for engines and gearboxes of all uses: from cars to industrial vehicles, from boats to agricultural machines. With about 20,000 employees, 16 plants and 11 research centres located in 9 different countries, this Sector represents a most significant presence in the field of engines at world level. In FPT, about 3,000 highly specialized engineers work on innovation technologies development and automation. The over 40 patents registered every year show quality and reliability of this group, making FPT - Fiat Powertrain Technologies - a great centre of technological excellence and constant innovation.

The Scavenging Technology

The amazing performances of this engine are a result of the application of the Scavenging technology which maximizes the drive torque at very low rpm by guaranteeing an incredible engine response speed to any driver request.

Scavenging can be obtained by controlling and optimising at every instant engine parameters such as dosage, position of the two phase transformers, ignition advance and injection timing. Basically, it is possible to define the angle and overlapping time of the valves with extreme precision in order to generate direct air flow from the intake to the exhaust manifolds and start the turbocharger in very short times. This means the engine can make better use of the supercharging when compared to standard turbocharged petrol engines. The system is managed by an innovative engine management control unit integrating an extremely modern software which manages all parameters. The result is remarkable: the maximum drive torque at 1,400 rpm increases by 70% compared to traditional turbo engines and response times are halved, getting close to those of aspirated engines.

Direct injection

The direct injection reduces the temperatures in the combustion chambers through the evaporation of fuel and lowers the knock sensitivity. This enables the engine to achieve great performances even for a moderately high compression ratio (equal to 9.5) and ensures limited fuel consumption at a "partial" speed.

The direct injection system is essential in reducing emissions thanks to an advanced strategy of double injection. Furthermore, thanks to the direct control of fuel, it is possible to avoid some of the petrol getting directly to the exhaust manifold during the scavenging with negative effects on the catalytic converter's functionality. Lastly, this injection system of second generation is provided with a new high pressure pump (capable of managing petrol pressure of 150 bar) and innovative injectors with 7 holes that guarantee ideal evaporation for all operating conditions.

Double phase transformer

The two continuous phase transformers on the intake and exhaust camshafts enable phase optimisation at any speed and engine load by reducing fuel consumption and emissions as much as possible. Moreover, by combining the two transformers with the turbocharger, it is possible to manage the Scavenging strategy by defining the correct overlapping during the transitory phases. In this way it is possible to respond to a sudden driver request by maximising the engine's response speed at low rpm.

Turbo

This engine is provided with a new generation turbocharger connected to an innovative "Pulse Converter"-type exhaust manifold which optimises the use of exhaust pressure waves to increment the driving torque at low speeds. Both manifold and turbine are made of microcast steel so that they can reach very high working temperatures (up to a maximum of 1020 °C). This is very important for reducing consumption while operating at medium/high speed - i.e. on a motorway.

Thermal Fluid Dynamics

The intake ducts were designed and optimised by using mono and three-dimensional calculation technologies through which it was possible to obtain a correct and high turbulence level. Even the combustion chamber was optimised by using wide squish areas and by minimising area/volume ratios with clear benefits in terms of combustion efficiency. Lastly, the exhaust ducts were designed to work in tune with the exhaust manifold and maximise its pulse converter effect.

"Friction"

The entire engine was made with the aim of minimising friction losses. The pistons are provided with piston rings with a reduced tangent load and are made of advanced materials to minimise wear and tear. Furthermore, the engine cylinder head was designed with two roller rocker arms placed on the valve control which reduce losses by friction of 65% at 2000 rpm compared to direct command. This is a typical solution adopted for Brand Premium engines.

The mechanic optimisation with very long rods combined with a moderately short travel has resulted in a drop of vibrations which are typical of four cylinder engines operating at very high speeds. As it wasn't necessary to utilize balancing countershafts, the weight was further optimised and consequently, the fuel consumption was reduced.

Performances

The Scavenging strategy combined with the innovative control system has allowed this engine to reach new benchmarks in terms of performance. The specific drive torque (185 Nm/l) is extremely high, one of the highest among the engines available nowadays. Furthermore, we can confidently say that the maximum drive torque value (320 Nm) achieved at 1400 rpm represents a point of absolute excellence. This value ensures excellent performances in terms of acceleration and allows a greater car response without having to change gear frequently. Lastly, the high specific power of 115 HP/l can be reached at a relatively low speed of 5,000 rpm and remains constant up to 5,500 rpm.

In brief, the 200 HP 1.8 Di Turbo Jet E5 drive torque is comparable to the one of an aspirated V6 engine which is almost twice its displacement. However, thanks to the downsizing philosophy, it was possible to reduce the weight with great efficiency benefits.

Emissions

One of the main priorities of FTP - Fiat Powertrain Technologies - engineers was to guarantee a low level of emissions together with excellent performances, in line with the Lancia Automobiles' philosophy which places the protection of the environment at the core of its products' design and improvement. Just like the Lancia Delta diesel engines (the 190 HP 1.9 Twin Turbo MultiJet, 120 HP 1.6 MultiJet and 165 HP 2.0 MultiJet), the brand new 1.8 Di Turbo Jet 200HP E5 was Euro 5 approved even before the standard enforcement date

ELEGANT AND LUXURY CAR Fisker Karma (2012)

Fisker Karma

From the California automaker Fisker Automotive comes the Fisker Karma, the world's first true Electric Vehicle with extended range (EVer™) and a radical expression of what is possible in the automotive world.

Loosely translating from Hindi, Karma implies good deeds are rewarded. The Fisker Karma allows drivers who appreciate style and performance to own and enjoy a car that is also environmentally conscious, one that achieves fuel consumption and emissions performance that is simply beyond the capability of today's conventional luxury automobiles.

Combining striking, elegant design with high performance, ultra-low fuel consumption and zero emissions on demand, the four-door, four-seat Fisker Karma embodies the brand's commitment to creating Uncompromised Responsible Luxury™ vehicles that deliver Pure Driving Passion.

The Fisker Karma - an all-new car with all-new technology from an all-new company - arrives in showrooms this summer, setting a new benchmark for time-to-market after being unveiled as a concept in 2008 and creating the Premium Luxury EV segment.

With its proprietary EVer™ powertrain - inspired by a military stealth vehicle - the Fisker Karma can accelerate from zero-to-60 mph in just 5.9 seconds, yet achieve the equivalent of more than 100 miles per gallon and 83 g/km CO2 emissions in real-world driving on an annual basis.

The Fisker Karma can run purely on electric power supplied by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery for up to 50 miles (80 km); after that, a 175 kW generator driven by an efficient, 2.0 liter, direct-injection, turbocharged gasoline engine extends the range an additional 250 miles (403 km). The Fisker Karma's total range between recharge/refuel can reach 300 miles.

With a U.S. Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) of $95,900 before federal tax incentives of $7,500, and a €85,500 suggested retail price in Europe, the world-class Fisker Karma will be competitive with more conventional luxury sedans such as the BMW 750i AcitveHybrid,Mercedes-Benz S400 Hybrid, Porsche Panamera S and Audi A8 TDI. Fisker Karma also offers a tremendous value over such super sedans as the $120,000 Maserati Quattroporte and $200,000 Aston Martin Rapide.

With incredible economy, and the ability to drive tailpipe-emission free, the Fisker Karma is the only truly responsible choice for luxury car buyers.

The Karma is Fisker Automotive's first car. It is built according to the company's Sustainable and Accountable Design™ philosophy, which represents a dramatic leap forward for the entire auto industry.

Fisker understands that developing, building, marketing and disposing of cars is an incredibly energy- and resource-intensive proposition. As a new company starting with a clean slate, Fisker sees great opportunity to improve this process and reimagine what the world can expect of its automakers.

By adamantly pursuing ways to raise efficiency and reduce environmental impact - including its carbon footprint - across the entire value chain, Fisker Automotive is striving to be the automaker most dedicated to sustainability and accountability.

The Fisker Karma and all future Fisker vehicles will be sold and serviced through a global network of established, reputable, independent retailers. In the U.S., 45 locations have been identified, with a similar number planned for European markets.

Fisker's European retail network is being developed and will be managed by importers like the Emil Frey Group in Zurich, Switzerland, and Nellemann in Copenhagen, Denmark. Fisker Italia in Merano, Italy, and BD Otomotive in Istanbul, Turkey, round out the company's presence on the continent. Fisker also entered into a non-exclusive distribution agreement with China Grand Automotive in Shanghai in December, 2010.

Significantly, the Fisker Karma is the first American-designed and engineered luxury vehicle specifically developed to appeal to world markets. It is the only luxury sedan in the world that meets future fuel consumption and emission requirements, making it suitable for any international city.

Other variants of the Fisker Karma, including a convertible, are planned, and Fisker is preparing to build a second, lower-priced model line in a 3.2 million square foot (297,000 m2) assembly plant the company is refitting in Wilmington, Delaware.

Fisker's approach to Uncompromised Responsible Luxury™ goes well beyond minimizing fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions. At every stage of engineering, production and marketing - even in the furnishing of company facilities - Fisker employs reused or renewable materials and the lowest-impact technologies available.

As one example, the three types of interior wood trim available in the Fisker Karma are sourced from timber reclaimed from California forest fires and windstorms and raised off Michigan lake bottoms. No live growth is ever harvested for this purpose. Also, 'Bridge of Weir Low Carbon Leather™' interior trim is made with a uniquely low-impact process in an energy self-sustaining facility.

True EVer™

The Fisker Karma is the first and only true production Electric Vehicle with extended range (EVer™). Simply put, that means the Karma is driven solely and at all times by electric traction motors. An on-board range-extending gasoline engine drives a generator to power the motors as needed; there is no mechanical link between the internal-combustion engine and the drive wheels.

This exclusive EVer™ powertrain was inspired by a high-performance stealth vehicle created for U.S. Military special operations. At its heart is a 20 kWh rechargeable lithium-ion battery developed by Fisker Automotive's strategic partner A123 Systems of Watertown, Massachusetts. State-of-the-art Nanophosphate™ technology maximizes energy, power, reliability and safety.

Running on the battery alone - which can be charged in about six hours using Fisker's available 220V wall charger - the Fisker Karma can cover 50 miles (80 km); after that, the range extender - a front/mid-mounted gasoline engine/generator set - provides another 250 miles of range by supplying supplemental power to dual rear-mounted electric motors, for a total range of 300 miles (483 km).

The Fisker Karma contributes to sustainability even when parked, with the world's largest and most powerful automotive solar panel integrated into its roof, as standard. It is the only solar installation on a production vehicle that collects energy to be stored. Enough energy can be collected by the roof over the course of a year to power the Fisker Karma for nearly 200 cost- and emission-free miles.

Two Driving Modes

The Fisker Karma is also the first and only car that allows the driver to manually select all-electric or hybrid-electric drive modes on demand. The default Stealth mode maximizes efficiency, giving the car its greatest range on battery power before activating the gas engine-driven generator to sustain battery charge. In Stealth mode, the Fisker Karma can accelerate from zero to 60 mph in 7.9 seconds and achieve a top speed of 95 mph (153 km/h).

More telling of the Fisker Karma's acceleration capability and feel, however, is the massive 981 lb.-ft. (1,330 Nm) of peak torque available instantaneously (from zero rpm). By comparison, most conventionally-powered luxury sedans develop less than half of that torque and at a much higher rpm. Because the Karma is always driven by its electric motors and a single-ratio transmission/differential combination, the driver can always feel and enjoy powerful, seamless, linear acceleration.

A single pull on the Fisker Karma's left-hand steering wheel paddle engages Sport mode. Now the gasoline engine drives the generator to provide additional current that supplements that from the battery. This is enough electricity for 403 total system horsepower, allowing the Karma to accelerate from zero to 60 mph in just 5.9 seconds and achieve a top speed of 125 mph (201 km/h).

Because of the electric motors' torque characteristics, the Fisker Karma will feel even quicker.

Sport mode conserves, and in certain circumstances replenishes, battery charge. The driver can switch back to Stealth mode at any time; this can be useful when arriving in low-emission zones, which are being designated in many cities around the world.

The Fisker Karma also features a fully-blended regenerative braking system. Regenerative braking captures kinetic energy that would otherwise be wasted as brake-rotor heat, and feeds it back into the battery. Using the right-hand steering wheel paddle, the driver can operate Hill Mode to vary regenerative braking effect in three steps; this unique function provides an effect similar to downshifting a conventional car's transmission to offer varied levels of speed control. Hill Mode is ideal for downhill grades and can be used to shorten braking distances.

World Class Ride and Handling

In all aspects of performance, the Fisker Karma is designed to be a true driver's car, one dedicated to the concept of Pure Driving Passion. Its proprietary, advanced aluminum space frame incorporates new levels of rigidity and strength that give the Karma world-class ride and handling characteristics.

Fisker Automotive's engineering team designed the Karma's space frame around the car's unique EVer™ powertrain, filing for multiple patents in the process.

Housing the car's battery pack in a structural tunnel running down the car's centerline helps endow the Fisker Karma with a very low center of gravity, and also contributes to the car's ideal weight distribution.

As a result, the Fisker Karma drives more like a midsize sport sedan than a full-size luxury sedan. In addition, the Karma does not need expensive, complex and power-robbing suspension aids to deliver flat cornering.

The four-wheel independent SLA suspension, also employing aluminum components, has been specially tuned to work with the first standard 22-inch aluminum wheels on a production car.

The Fisker-designed Circuit Blade™ wheels first appeared on the original concept vehicle in 2008. Electro-hydraulic, variable-ratio and variable-assist power steering is tuned for optimum control and feel.

The Fisker Karma's space frame also forms the foundation of occupant safety - and protection for the sealed batteries - helping the luxury sedan to exceed global crash protection standards.

Eight advanced airbags, Antilock Brakes (ABS), traction control (TCS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and Panic Brake Assist (PBA) are all part of the package.

Brembo® 6-piston monoblock front brakes and 4-piston rear brakes provide incredible stopping power, bolstered by the regenerative braking.

Timeless Styling, Revolutionary Design

Fisker Automotive is a new company, without entrenched attitudes, where designers and engineers have the liberty to pursue uncompromised solutions to previously unsolved problems. The sculptural quality of the Karma's body shape is one result of that liberty.

The Fisker Karma's elegant and striking exterior design incorporates the dramatic proportion that is signature Fisker style. In his previous career positions, company CEO Henrik Fisker designed some of the most iconic automobiles of the modern era, including the BMW Z8 roadster and the Aston Martin DB9 and V8 Vantage.

True to Fisker Automotive's goal of bringing the Karma concept to reality in its original form, the production car retains, and even adds to, all of the original concept's elegant design, powerful stance and unique detailing.

A sedan with coupe-like appearance, the Fisker Karma exudes a distinctly athletic presence highlighted by a long hood and short deck, a low roofline, wide stance, pronounced fenders and standard 22-inch wheels.

The Fisker Karma is built on a long 124-inch (3,160mm) wheelbase, yet short overhangs keep overall length to 196.7 inches (4,996mm). The car's 53.4-inch (1,330mm) height is as low as some sports cars, though interior room is comfortable for four. These dimensions are nearly identical to those of the original Fisker Karma concept car.

Sustainability is Beautiful

Fisker Automotive's Sustainable and Accountable Design™ philosophy is apparent throughout the Fisker Karma's cabin, exemplified by the use of reclaimed, recycled and reusable materials.

Fisker leads the luxury category by offering the most sustainability-conscious interior in its top-line EcoChic™ package. The exclusive EcoChic™ series replaces leather with a high-grade textile and Premium EcoSuede™ trim.

Leather for the mid-line EcoSport™ model is sourced from the world's first energy-self-sufficient, closed-loop leather manufacturing plant; both gas and electricity are generated on-site from by-products of the leather making.

Hides are purchased exclusively from suppliers that adopt the Five Freedoms set of principles for humane animal treatment. The processing is low-pigmentation and chrome-free, greatly reducing environmental impact. Yield is the highest in the industry, which means fewer hides are used. Each Karma EcoSport interior has its own unique texture and appearance; no two are the same.

Optional Diamond Dust™ paint - another world first - contains a 35 to 55 percent recycled glass flake mixture, and the water-based paint process releases no volatile organic compounds (VOC). This luxurious paint option leads the industry in reflectivity, shine and gloss.

As in the original concept car, the production Fisker Karma has a four-seat cockpit with a large center console running from the dashboard to the rear seatback. Fisker designers took inspiration from both nature and classic sports cars to craft the Karma's interior. The lines of shifting desert sand dunes inspired interior shapes; metal and glass-inspired materials add depth and clarity. The Fisker Karma's chrome-bezel digital instrumentation, reminiscent of the finest Swiss timepieces and classic sports car instrumentation, focuses on ease of use.

Easy-to-Use Technology

The centerpiece of the Karma's cabin is the Fisker Command Center™, which uses an industry-first 10.2-inch (250 mm) haptic force-feedback touch-screen that consolidates controls for climate, audio, standard navigation, telephone and other vehicle systems.

It nearly eliminates the engineering, tooling, assembly and user complexity associated with the dozens of buttons found on traditional dashboards, and greatly reduces associated waste at the end of the vehicle's service life. Inputs are met with instantaneous tactile, audio and visual feedback that enables the driver to confidently confirm system commands.

The full-featured Fisker Command Center™ also offers iPod® integration and Bluetooth® phone pairing. In addition, the Fisker Command Center™ can display vehicle power flow from the battery pack, engine-driven generator and regenerative brakes, as well as energy gain from the integrated solar roof panel.

Operational modes are accessed via fixed icons; individual controls within each mode instantly appear on the touch screen. There is no computer paradigm to learn, nor menus to navigate.

Quality Build

Assembly for the first-generation Fisker Karma has been contracted to Valmet Automotive in Finland, and reputable Tier 1 OEM suppliers. Valmet has built more than one million quality cars for various automotive brands since 1969. It currently builds the Porsche Boxster and Cayman sports cars.

The Fisker Karma comes standard with a New Vehicle Limited Bumper to Bumper Warranty for 50 months or 50,000 miles (100,000 kilometers), whichever comes first.

Technical Specifications

• Motors: Two rear-mounted electric traction motors, mid-mounted lithium ion battery pack and front/mid-mounted range-extending gasoline engine/generator set
• Battery: 20 kWh, 180 kW lithium ion w/Nanophosphate™ technology (A123 Systems)
• Range-extending gasoline Engine/Generator set: 2.0-liter, 260hp, low-emission, four-cylinder direct fuel-injection w/ turbocharger (GM Ecotec®) and 175 kW generator
• Traction motors: 403 hp (300 kW) total [2 x 201.5 hp (150 kW)]
• Torque: 981 lb.-ft (1300 Nm)
• Transmission: Single-ratio gearbox/Limited Slip Differential combination
• Dimensions
  • Overall Length: 196.7 in. (4996mm)
  • Overall Width: 78.1 in. (1984mm)
  • Overall Height: 52.4 in. (1330mm)
  • Overhang [f/r]: 35.9 in. (913mm) / 36.3 in. (923mm)
  • Wheelbase: 124.4 in (3160mm)
  • Track [f/r]: 66.6 in. (1692mm) / 67.0 in (1701mm)
  • Cargo Capacity: 6.9 cu. ft. (195 l)
  • Curb Weight: 5600 lbs. (2539 kg)
  • Fuel Capacity: 9.5 US Gal. (36 l)
  • Turning Radius: 40.4 ft. (12.3m)
• Performance
  • Stealth Mode
    • Lithium-ion battery power only
    • 0-60mph (97 km/h): 7.9 sec
    • Top Speed: 5mph (153 km/h)
  • Sport Mode
    • Lithium-ion power with Engine/Generator
    • 0-60mph (97km/h): 5.9 sec
    • Top Speed: 125mph (201 km/h) electronically limited
  • Range
    • Total Range: 300 miles (483 km)
    • Electric only: 50 miles (80km)
    • Extended range: 250 miles (403 km)